Navigating Cyber Security on Container Vessels and Terminals: A Comprehensive Overview

Definition of cyber security 

Cyber security refers to the practices and technologies designed to protect computers, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. In the maritime sector, it also refers to the protection of onboard systems, terminal operations, and all digital communications involved in shipping logistics – for example the digital documentation handling. 

Affected areas in the shipping industry

Although it might not be obvious at the first glance, cyber security threats impact several critical areas in the shipping industry and especially in the logistics operations sector:

1. Onboard systems: These include navigation and radar systems, engine control mechanisms, and communication networks. Modern vessels are increasingly dependent on digital technologies,  making them more vulnerable to cyber attacks than vessels were a couple of years ago.
2. Terminal Operations: Container terminals also rely heavily on automated systems such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and cranes, for cargo handling, inventory management, and even gate operations to simplify processes and make them more efficient. These systems are liable to cyber threats that can disrupt terminal operations and logistics chains and thus delay the processes for several hours or even days in the worst case.
3. Communication Networks: The communication networks on vessels and terminals are often the weakest link. From vessel-to-shore communication to inter-terminal data exchange, securing these networks is vital to prevent data breaches and operational disruptions.Cyber attackers can intercept or disrupt communications, leading to misinformation, cargo theft, or operational disruptions.

Real-life examples aboard and on terminals 

Understanding the real threats can help illustrate why cyber security is critical. Here are some notable examples: 

Cyber Attacks on Shipping Companies: One of the most significant cyber incidents in maritime history, the NotPetya ransomware attack crippled Maersk’s operations, affecting 76 terminals and causing losses estimated at $300 million. The attack disrupted cargo operations globally, highlighting the vulnerabilities in maritime cyber security. A similar ransom ware attack happened in 2023 and affected the Norwegian DNV organisation. 

Terminal Disruptions at Port of Rotterdam: In 2020, the Port of Rotterdam experienced a cyber attack that targeted its terminal operations. The attack disrupted the automated gate systems, causing delays and, to put it frankly, quite the logistical chaos. This incident underscored the need for robust cyber defenses in terminal operations. In 2023 it was targeted again by a so-called DDoS cyber attack that aimed to disrupt the entire online operations system. 

Phishing attacks on employees: Numerous incidents have been reported where crew members were targeted by phishing emails, leading to malware infections on vessels. These attacks can compromise navigation and control systems, posing severe safety risks. Obviously, these phishing attempts not only affect employees aboard vessels but especially employees working on land, for example in headquarters or offices in port operations. 

Strengthening Cyber Security: What you can do 

Implementing cyber security measures is essential to protect your assets aboard and on land. Here are some practical steps for enhancing cyber security on board, at terminals and in offices: 

Employee training and awareness 

Ensure that all employees are trained to recognize phishing attempts, suspicious activities, and the importance of secure passwords. Regular training sessions and simulations can help build a strong cyber security culture. Also remember that cyber security might not be something that your employees have touchpoints with on a daily basis and make the trainings engaging, easy-to-understand and also opt for open questions. 

Regular software updates and patch management 

Keep all systems updated with the latest software patches and security updates. This includes all software used on corporate hardware like laptops as well as navigation software, terminal automation systems, and communication networks. Regular updates help close security vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit. 

Data encryption 

Encrypt sensitive data, both at rest and in transit. This ensures that even if data is intercepted, it remains unreadable and unusable to unauthorised parties. Use strong encryption protocols for communications between vessels and terminals and for communications and passwords used in the on-land premises. 

Incident response plan 

Develop and maintain a comprehensive incident response plan. This plan should outline procedures for detecting, responding to, and recovering from cyber incidents. Regularly test the plan to ensure its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. One example can be to use alternative emails or accounts that are hosted on different servers and can access tools and services in in case of a cyber attack to ensure basic business coverage. 

Collaboration with other parties 

And lastly: Work closely with other stakeholders, including shipping lines, port operators, and technology providers, to share threat intelligence and best practices. Industry collaboration enhances collective defense against cyber threats.